The bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, holds significant medical importance. Toxins produced by this species are both a help and hindrance to society. Three forms of botulism poisoning can be acquired by these organisms depending on the manner in which the toxin is contracted. Yet, in small amounts the toxin has healing powers for certain medical problems.
Taxonomically, there are four different groups of Clostridium botulinum based on the type of toxin they produce. All classes are rod shaped, spore forming bacteria equipped with peritrichous flagellae. Their spores can be found almost everywhere throughout the world, however; they are harmless. It is the toxin produced by the bacteria that is dangerous. The toxin is classified as a neurotoxin since, upon entering the body, it binds to nerve endings and prevents the release of acetyl choline which is a factor in muscle contraction. In addition, this can result in paralysis from the head down. Botulism can be contracted through food contaminated with the toxin, by the bacteria infecting a wound, or through spore germination in the intestines of infants.
In December 1989, a purified form of type A toxin was accepted by the FDA for use in the treatment of two eye conditions that cause involuntary muscle contractions. Small amounts of the toxin are injected into the affected muscle weakening it and stopping the involuntary contractions. It does not, however, disturb the normal operations of the muscle. Injections usually last for three to four months and can be repeated as the effects wear off. Despite how harmful the original toxin can be, there are surprisingly few side-effects noted among those receiving the injections.
*Disclaimer - This report was written by a student participaring in a microbiology course at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. The accuracy of the contents of this report is not guaranteed and it is recommended that you seek additional sources of information to verify the contents.
Return to Missouri S&T Microbiology HomePage Go to DJW's HomePage
This Document is maintained by djwesten@ mst.edu
