Self-optimization of optical confinement in ultra-violet
photonic
crystal slab laser
Since its invention twenty years ago,
photonic
crystals show great
promise for full control of light propagation and emission. Tremendous
progress has been made in design and fabrication of novel photonic
crystal devices and circuits. Unfortunately, widespread application of
photonic crystals is often limited by light scattering by structural
disorder or surface roughness which is unavoidable in the
nanofabrication
process. Such uncontrolled random scattering is shown to be detrimental
to passive photonic crystal devices such as waveguides, as it
contributes
to optical losses and limits light propagation length. In the visible
and
ultra-violet (UV) frequencies, the effect of structural disorder is
more
pronounced due to small characteristic size of structural features. The
question we address is how the random scattering would affect the
performance of
active photonic crystal devices,
e.g., photonic
crystal laser. Contrary to common expectation, we illustrate through
simulation and experiment that the inevitable disorder is not
detrimental
to UV photonic crystal slab laser made of ZnO. Under certain conditions
structural disorder may lead to spontaneous optimization of optical
confinement in a photonic crystal slab by automatically balancing the
in-plane and out-of-plane leakage rates. We attribute this
counter-intuitive effect to the fact that optical gain selectively
amplifies the high-quality modes of the passive system. Despite the
disorder, the photonic bandedge effect enabled us to efficiently
extract
optical gain and to fine-tune the lasing wavelength from 383nm to 407nm
with sample-to-sample fluctuation of about 5nm. Because our approach to
designing microlasers does not require flawless nanofabrication and
carefully-designed structural defects, it is expected to result in
inexpensive laser applications operating at visible and UV
wavelengths. [A.
Yamilov, X. Wu, X. Liu, R. P. H. Chang, and H. Cao, Physical Review
Letters
96,
083905 (2006)]