Introduction to Buckling

railroad tracks

http://structures-www.cv.imperial.ac.uk/examples/

columns

http://www.tam.uiuc.edu/directory/services/testing/reliable_insulator.html

marine fender

http://www.tam.uiuc.edu/directory/services/testing/svedala_fender.html

trans-alaska pipeline

http://tapseis.anl.gov/guide/photos.cfm

cicadas

http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/magicicada/Periodical/Index.html
		http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/202/23/3347.pdf

 

buckling of cold-formed steel section

buckling of cold-formed steel section with hole

 

Euler Buckling of Columns

where

L_e = effective length, defined in following images
r = radius of gyration
L_e/r = effective slenderness ratio

 

Fixed - Free		Pinned - Pinned		Fixed - Pinned		Fixed - Fixed