Introduction to Buckling
railroad tracks
columns
![]()
http://www.tam.uiuc.edu/directory/services/testing/reliable_insulator.htmlmarine fender
![]()
http://www.tam.uiuc.edu/directory/services/testing/svedala_fender.htmltrans-alaska pipeline
cicadas
![]()
http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/magicicada/Periodical/Index.html
![]()
![]()
http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/202/23/3347.pdfbuckling of cold-formed steel section
buckling of cold-formed steel section with hole
Euler Buckling of Columns
where
Le = effective length, defined in following images
r = radius of gyration
Le/r = effective slenderness ratio
Fixed - Free Pinned - Pinned Fixed - Pinned Fixed - Fixed