| 4130 chrome-moly steel tube welded to solid 4130 or 4340 ends
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| normalized | 
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yielding occurred in
the ends, excessive plastic deformation, no fracture |
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heat treated, 0.065" wall thickness |
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yielding occurred in
the ends, minimal plastic deformation before fracture |
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heat treated, 0.035" wall thickness |
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tube buckled |
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