Lecture Notes

Alloy & Temper Designation Systems for Steel

Metal Ores

Mineral-Ore Metal
Ores arranged left-to-right, top-to-bottom in photo beginning with bauxite.
Photos by Jeff Thomas, November 29, 2004.
Ores purchased from DJ Minerals.

bauxite aluminum

bornite copper

chalcopyrite copper

chalcocite copper

scheelite tungsten

magnetite iron

red hematite iron

specular hematite iron

galena lead

pyrolusite manganese

garnierite nickel

sphalerite zinc

chromite chromium

stibnite antimony

molybdenite molybdenum

tetrahedrite silver

H
2.1 Steel Elements He

Li
1.0 Be
1.5 B
2.0 C
2.5 N
3.0 O
3.5 F
4.0 Ne

Na
0.9 Mg
1.2 Al
1.5 Si
1.8 P
2.1 S
2.5 Cl
3.0 Ar

K
0.8 Ca
1.0 Sc
1.3 Ti
1.5 V
1.6 Cr
1.6 Mn
1.5 Fe
1.8 Co
1.9 Ni
1.9 Cu
1.9 Zn
1.6 Ga
1.6 Ge
1.8 As
2.0 Se
2.4 Br
2.8 Kr

Rb
0.8 Sr
1.0 Y
1.2 Zr
1.4 Nb
1.6 Mo
1.8 Tc
1.9 Ru
2.2 Rh
2.2 Pd
2.2 Ag
1.9 Cd
1.7 In
1.7 Sn
1.8 Sb
1.9 Te
2.1 I
2.5 Xe

Cs
0.7 Ba
0.9 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf
1.3 Ta
1.5 W
1.7 Re
1.9 Os
2.2 Ir
2.2 Pt
2.2 Au
2.4 Hg
1.9 Tl
1.8 Pb
1.9 Bi
1.9 Po
2.0 At
2.2 Rn

1.0-1.2

Fr
0.7 Ra
0.9 Ac
1.1 Th
1.3 Pa
1.4 U
1.4 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Uuu
Uub
Uut
Uuq
Uup
Uuh
Uus
Uuo

1.4-1.3

Pauling electronegativity values

AISI-SAE Steel Designations

XYZZ

X - type of alloy present
Y - percent of principal alloys
ZZ - "points" of carbon, in hundredths of a percent

For example,

1035 contains approximately 0.35% carbon

2130 contains 1% nickel and 0.30% carbon

4340 contains 3% Mo+Ni+Cr and 0.40% carbon

Carbon steels Chromium steels

10xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max) 50xx Cr 0.27, 0.40, 0.50 and 0.65

11xx Resulfurized 51xx Cr 0.80, 0.87, 0.92, 0.95, 1.00 and 1.05

12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized 52xx Cr 1.45, C 1.00 min

13xx High-manganese Chromium-vanadium steels

15xx Medium-manganese (max Mn 1.00-1.65%) 61xx Cr 0.60, 0.80 and 0.95; V 0.10 and 0.15 min

Nickel steels Tungsten-chromium steels

23xx Ni 3.50 72xx W 1.75; Cr 0.75

25xx Ni 5.00 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels

Nickel-chromium steels 81xx Ni 030.; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.12

31xx Ni 1.25; Cr 0.65 and 0.80 86xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.20

32xx Ni 1.75; Cr 1.07 87xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.25

33xx Ni 3.50; Cr 1.50 and 1.57 88xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.35

34xx Ni 3.00; Cr 0.77 Silicon-manganese steels

Molybdenum steels 92xx Si 1.40 and 2.00; Mn 0.65, 0.82 and 0.85; Cr 0.00 and 0.65

40xx Mo 0.20 and 0.25 93xx Ni 3.25; Cr 1.20; Mo 0.12

44xx Mo 0.40 and 0.52 94xx Ni 0.45; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.12

Chromium-molybdenum steels 97xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.20; Mo 0.20

41xx Cr 0.50, 0.80 and 0.95; Mo 0.12, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 98xx Ni 1.00; Cr 0.80; Mo 0.25

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels High-strength low-alloy steels

43xx Ni 1.82; Cr 0.50 and 0.80; Mo 0.25 9xx Various SAE grades

43BVxx Ni 1.82; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.12 and 0.25; V 0.03 min Boron steels

47xx Ni 1.05; Cr 0.45; Mo 0.20 and 0.35 xxBxx B denotes boron steel

Nickel-molybdenum steel Leaded steels

46xx Ni 0.85 and 1.82; Mo 0.20 and 0.25 xxLxx L denotes leaded steel

48xx Ni 3.50; Mo 0.25

Mechanical Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels

AISI No. Treatment Tensile strength
(ksi) Yield strength
(ksi) Elongation
(%) Reduction in area
(%) Hardness
(HB)

1015 As-rolled 61 45.5 39 61 126

1020 As-rolled 65 48 36 59 143

1022 As-rolled 73 52 35 67 149

1030 As-rolled 80 50 32 57 179

1040 As-rolled 90 60 25 50 201

1050 As-rolled 105 60 20 40 229

1060 As-rolled 118 70 17 34 241

Elastic Constants

Metal Young's modulus, E
(10⁶ psi) Shear modulus, G
(10⁶ psi) Bulk modulus, K
(10⁶ psi) Poisson's ratio, n

Aluminum 10.2 3.80 10.9 0.345

Brass, 30 Zn 14.6 5.41 16.2 0.350

Chromium 40.5 16.7 23.2 0.210

Copper 18.8 7.01 20.0 0.343

Iron (soft) 30.7 11.8 24.6 0.293

Iron (cast) 22.1 8.7 15.9 0.27

Lead 2.34 0.811 6.64 0.44

Magnesium 6.48 2.51 5.16 0.291

Molybdenum 47.1 18.2 37.9 0.293

Nickel (soft) 28.9 11.0 25.7 0.312

Nickel (hard) 31.8 12.2 27.2 0.306

Nickel-silver, 55CU-18Ni-27Zn 19.2 4.97 19.1 0.333

Niobium 15.2 5.44 24.7 0.397

Silver 12.0 4.39 15.0 0.367

Steel, mild 30.7 11.9 24.5 0.291

Steel, 0.75 C 30.5 11.8 24.5 0.293

Steel, 0.75 C, hardened 29.2 11.3 23.9 0.296

Steel, tool 30.7 11.9 24.0 0.287

Steel, tool, hardened 29.5 11.4 24.0 0.295

Steel, stainless, 2Ni-18Cr 31.2 12.2 24.1 0.283

Tantalum 26.9 10.0 28.5 0.342

Tin 7.24 2.67 8.44 0.357

Titanium 17.4 6.61 15.7 0.361

Tungsten 59.6 23.3 45.1 0.280

Vanadium 18.5 6.77 22.9 0.365

Zinc 15.2 6.08 10.1 0.249

Mineral-Ore	Metal	Ores arranged left-to-right, top-to-bottom in photo beginning with bauxite. Photos by Jeff Thomas, November 29, 2004. Ores purchased from DJ Minerals.
bauxite	aluminum
bornite	copper
chalcopyrite	copper
chalcocite	copper
scheelite	tungsten
magnetite	iron
red hematite	iron
specular hematite	iron
galena	lead
pyrolusite	manganese
garnierite	nickel
sphalerite	zinc
chromite	chromium
stibnite	antimony
molybdenite	molybdenum
tetrahedrite	silver

Carbon steels		Chromium steels
10xx	Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max)	50xx	Cr 0.27, 0.40, 0.50 and 0.65
11xx	Resulfurized	51xx	Cr 0.80, 0.87, 0.92, 0.95, 1.00 and 1.05
12xx	Resulfurized and rephosphorized	52xx	Cr 1.45, C 1.00 min
13xx	High-manganese	Chromium-vanadium steels
15xx	Medium-manganese (max Mn 1.00-1.65%)	61xx	Cr 0.60, 0.80 and 0.95; V 0.10 and 0.15 min
Nickel steels		Tungsten-chromium steels
23xx	Ni 3.50	72xx	W 1.75; Cr 0.75
25xx	Ni 5.00	Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium steels		81xx	Ni 030.; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.12
31xx	Ni 1.25; Cr 0.65 and 0.80	86xx	Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.20
32xx	Ni 1.75; Cr 1.07	87xx	Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.25
33xx	Ni 3.50; Cr 1.50 and 1.57	88xx	Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.35
34xx	Ni 3.00; Cr 0.77	Silicon-manganese steels
Molybdenum steels		92xx	Si 1.40 and 2.00; Mn 0.65, 0.82 and 0.85; Cr 0.00 and 0.65
40xx	Mo 0.20 and 0.25	93xx	Ni 3.25; Cr 1.20; Mo 0.12
44xx	Mo 0.40 and 0.52	94xx	Ni 0.45; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.12
Chromium-molybdenum steels		97xx	Ni 0.55; Cr 0.20; Mo 0.20
41xx	Cr 0.50, 0.80 and 0.95; Mo 0.12, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30	98xx	Ni 1.00; Cr 0.80; Mo 0.25
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels		High-strength low-alloy steels
43xx	Ni 1.82; Cr 0.50 and 0.80; Mo 0.25	9xx	Various SAE grades
43BVxx	Ni 1.82; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.12 and 0.25; V 0.03 min	Boron steels
47xx	Ni 1.05; Cr 0.45; Mo 0.20 and 0.35	xxBxx	B denotes boron steel
Nickel-molybdenum steel		Leaded steels
46xx	Ni 0.85 and 1.82; Mo 0.20 and 0.25	xxLxx	L denotes leaded steel
48xx	Ni 3.50; Mo 0.25

AISI No.	Treatment	Tensile strength (ksi)	Yield strength (ksi)	Elongation (%)	Reduction in area (%)	Hardness (HB)
1015	As-rolled	61	45.5	39	61	126
1020	As-rolled	65	48	36	59	143
1022	As-rolled	73	52	35	67	149
1030	As-rolled	80	50	32	57	179
1040	As-rolled	90	60	25	50	201
1050	As-rolled	105	60	20	40	229
1060	As-rolled	118	70	17	34	241

Metal	Young's modulus, E (10⁶ psi)	Shear modulus, G (10⁶ psi)	Bulk modulus, K (10⁶ psi)	Poisson's ratio, n
Aluminum	10.2	3.80	10.9	0.345
Brass, 30 Zn	14.6	5.41	16.2	0.350
Chromium	40.5	16.7	23.2	0.210
Copper	18.8	7.01	20.0	0.343
Iron (soft)	30.7	11.8	24.6	0.293
Iron (cast)	22.1	8.7	15.9	0.27
Lead	2.34	0.811	6.64	0.44
Magnesium	6.48	2.51	5.16	0.291
Molybdenum	47.1	18.2	37.9	0.293
Nickel (soft)	28.9	11.0	25.7	0.312
Nickel (hard)	31.8	12.2	27.2	0.306
Nickel-silver, 55CU-18Ni-27Zn	19.2	4.97	19.1	0.333
Niobium	15.2	5.44	24.7	0.397
Silver	12.0	4.39	15.0	0.367
Steel, mild	30.7	11.9	24.5	0.291
Steel, 0.75 C	30.5	11.8	24.5	0.293
Steel, 0.75 C, hardened	29.2	11.3	23.9	0.296
Steel, tool	30.7	11.9	24.0	0.287
Steel, tool, hardened	29.5	11.4	24.0	0.295
Steel, stainless, 2Ni-18Cr	31.2	12.2	24.1	0.283
Tantalum	26.9	10.0	28.5	0.342
Tin	7.24	2.67	8.44	0.357
Titanium	17.4	6.61	15.7	0.361
Tungsten	59.6	23.3	45.1	0.280
Vanadium	18.5	6.77	22.9	0.365
Zinc	15.2	6.08	10.1	0.249