For each lecture please read all the sections listed below prior to comming to class.

Materila from sections listed in italics will be presented and discussed in class.

Information from the other sections is pertinent to your understanding of the material, and you may be called on in class to answer questions based on this material.

Vocabulary terms and major concepts covered during each week can be found by following the "Week Link" (heh heh). You will be test on these terms and concepts on the exams.

Week 1    Week 2    Week 3    Exam 1  Week 4  Week 5  Week 6  Exam 2   Week 7   Week 8  Week 9   Week 10  Week 11  Week 12  Exam III

Week 13   Week 14Week 15  Exam IV Week 16

Week 1  (Follow this link to the review material)

Chapter I The Nature of Structural Geology

• Introduction. Read pages 2-37 (Monday and Wednesday's lectures).

Wednesday (1/17/2001)

• The Fundamental Structures (p. 9-17)

Friday (1/19/2001)

• Detailed Structural Analysis (p. 17-37)
• Concept (p. 17-18)
• Descriptive Analysis (p.18-25)
• The scale of things
• Structural Elements
• Kinematic Analysis (p. 25-29)
• Penetrativite Deformation
• Slip, flow, distortion
• Dynamic Analysis (p.29-32)
• General approach
• Physical models
• Mathematical models
• Two examples of detailed structural analysis (p. 32-35)
• Detailed structural analysis of a pizza
• Detailed structural analysis of the San Manuel Fault
• The Time Factor (p. 25-37)

Chapter 2 Kinematic Analysis.

Monday (1/22/2001)

• Strategy (p. 38-41)
• Translation (p. 41-47)
• General Concept
• Displacement Vectors
• Slip on Faults
• Rotation (p. 47-50)
• General Concepts
• Geological Examples

Wednesday (1/24/2001)

• Strain (p. 51-66)
• General Concept
• The Ground Rules
• The Magic of Strain
• The Strain ellipse
• Looking at lines inside the ellipse
• Describing the changes in lengths of lines
• Change in length of a deformed Belemnite fossil
• Expressing changes in line lengths due to folding and faulting
• Line length changes when a circle becomes an ellipse.
• Angular Shear: Measure of Change between angles and lines.
• Shear strain

Friday (1/26/2000)

• Strain continued (p. 66-85)
• The Finite Strain Ellipse
• Calibrating the Finite Strain Ellipse
• Evaluating the strain of lines in a body
• The Fundamental Strain Equations
• Calculating the variations in strain

Chapter 2 Kinematic Analysis continued.

Monday (1/29/2001)

• Strain continued (p. 66-85)
• The Mohr Strain Diagram
• Using the Mohr Circle Strain Analysis at the outcrop scale
• Another Example: Retrodeforming of regional strain

Wednesday (1/31/2001)

• Strain continued (p. 66-85)
• The Finite Strain Ellipsoid and Plane Strain
• The Strain Ellipsoid and it's application
• Dilational Changes
• Coaxial and Non Coaxial Strain
• Pure and Simple Shear
• Just a word on Progressive Deformation
• The issue of Strain Compatibility

Friday (2/2/2001)Exam I: Nature of Structural Geology & Kinematic Analysis

Chapter 3 Dynamic Analysis

Monday (2/05/2001)
 

• Concept of Dynamic Analysis (p. 98)
• Force (pp. 98-105)
• Definition of Force
• Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Variables (Mass, Volume, Density, Weight)
• Units of Force
• What does a Newton Feel like?
• Forces as Vectors
• Forces in the subsurface world.
• Types of Forces (Body Forces vs Contact Forces)
• Loads (Gravitational, Thermal, and Displacement Loading)

Wednesday (2/07/2001)

Stress: Definition and units of stress (pp. 105-107)

Museum Piece Calculation

Lithostatic Stress (107-109)

Pressure Distribution within the Earth's Crust

• Derivation of  P =rgz in class using calculus  (in class proof).

Friday (2/09/2001)

A Fuller Definition of Stress

Tractions and the Stress Tensor (p. 109)

Setting up an Example of Stress Analysis

The Stress Calculations (pp. 110 -113).

The Components of Stress: Resolving Normal and Shear Stresses (p. 113)

Computing the Stress Tensor (pp. 114-116)

The Stress Ellipse (p. 116)

Hydrostatic Stress (p. 117)

Chapter 3 Dynamic Analysis continued.

Monday (2/12/2001)
 

• Geometric Analysis for Determination of the Plane a s is acting across and resolution of  s_n and s_s  for that s (in class proof).
• Geometric proof for zero shear stress (s_s) along the Principal Stress Components of the Stress Ellipse  (in class proof).
• The Mohr Circle for Stress (p. 118-122)
• The Fundamental Stress Equations (p. 117)
• An example of Stress Calculations using the Mohr Circle for Stress
• using the problem on pages 110-113.
• Images of Stress (pp. 120-122)

Wednesday (2/14/2001)

Experimentally Observed Relationships Between Stress and Strain (pp. 122-143)

• Objectives and Hurdles
• The Value of Laboratory Deformational Experiments
• Sample Preparation
• Types of Tests
• Pressures, Stresses, and Loads
• Measuring Shortening
• Measuring Strain Rate
• A Standard Axial Compression Test
• Compression Test at Higher Confining Pressure
• Still Higher Confining Pressure
• Strength and Ductility

Friday (2/16/2001)

Elastic, Plastic, and Viscous Models for Rock Behavior (pp. 142-149)

• The Need for models of Behavior
• Elastic Behavior (pp. 143-146)
• An Example of the Significance of Young's Modulus (p. 145-146)
• Plastic Behavior (pp. 146-147)
• Viscous Behavior (pp. 147-149)
• Summary

Chapter 4 Deformation Mechanisms and Microstructures.

Monday (2/19/2001)

Crystal Structure and the Strength of Solids (pp. 152-161)

• Bonding and the Lattice of Crystals
• Elastic Deformation of a Lattice
• Exceeding the Elastic Limit
• Slip Systems and Crystallographic Control
• Slip Systems and Bonding
• Theoretical Strength of Crystals
• Crystal Lattices in the Real World
• Defects

Wednesday (2/21/2001)

• Deformation Mechanisms (pp. 161-189)
• The Main Mechanisms
• Microfracturing, Cataclasis, and Frictional Sliding
• Mechanical Twinning and Kinking
• Diffusion Creep
• Dissolution Creep
• Dislocation Creep
• Recovery and Recrystallization
• Summary
• Deformation Experiments (pp.190-192)
• Creep Experiments
• The Brittle-Ductile Transition (pp. 199-201)
• Review for Exam II

Friday (2/25/2000)Exam II: Dynamic Analysis & Deformation Mechanisms

Chapter 5 Joints and Shear Fractures

Monday (2/26/2001)

Definitions and distinctions (pp. 204-214)

• The General Nature of Joints
• The General Nature of Shear Fractures
• Systems of Joints and Shear Fractures
• Other Fractures

A Detailed look at Individual Joint Surfaces (pp. 214-221)

• Shapes of Joint Surfaces
• Joint-face Ornamentation
• Propagation of Individual Fracture Surfaces (Modes I, II, and III)

A Close Look at Propagation Among Joint Surfaces (pp. 221-226)

• Columnar Joints
• Connections between joints in a Siltstone Sequence
• Patterns of Intersection and Termination of Joints

Wednesday (2/28/2001)

Experimental Studies of Fracture Formation (pp. 226-245)

• Incentives for Experimental Testing
• Basic approach in Experimental Testing
• Tensile Strength Tests
• Tensile and Compressive Strength Tests
• Compressive Strength Tests
• The Coulomb Law of Failure
• Application of the Coulomb Criterion
• Raising Confining Pressures Even Higher
• The Envelopes All Together

Friday (3/2/2001)

Experimental Studies of Fracture Formation continued (pp. 226-245)

• Prefractured Rocks
• Reactivation of Preexisiting Fractures

The Influence of Pore Fluid Pressure (pp.245-251)

• The Classic Paper by Hubbert and Rubey
• Fluid Pressures in the Real World
• Fluid Pressure and the Development of Joints
• Gelatin Hydrofrac Experiment
• Fluid Pressure and the Development of Veins

A Microscopic Look at the Mechanics of Fracturing (pp. 252-256)

 

Interpretation of Regional Jointing (pp.261-268)

• Jointing during uplift
• Jointing of Several Origins in the Appalachain Plateau
• Jointing Related to Local Stress Fields
• Jointing and Shear Fracturing Accompanying Intrusion
• Joint Patterns as Regional Stress Gauges
• Unusual Fractures Associated with Impacts

Monday (3/5/2001)

Jointing continued....

Chapter 6 Faults

Wednesday (3/7/2001)

Introduction (Slide Show)

Some Definitions and Distinctions (pp. 269-271)

Recognizing the Physical Character of Faults (pp. 271-279)

• Fault Scarps
• Fault Surfaces (Ornamentation, e.g., striae, chatter marks, etc.)
• Fault Zones

Friday (3/9/2001)

Fault Rocks (pp. 280-286)

• Gouge
• Breccia
• Cataclasite
• Psuedotachylite
• Experimental Work on the Origin of Fault Rocks

Fault Recognition from Maps, Drilling, and Geophysical Data (pp. 286-292)

• Geologic Map Expressions
• Gravity and Magnetic Expressions
• Seismic Reflection and Refraction Expressions

Week 9

Chapter 6 Faulting continued....

Monday (3/12/2001)

Fault Classifications (pp. 292-296)

• Slip and Separation
• Slip classification
• Separation Classification

Determination of slip on Faults (pp. 297-300)

• Using Slickensides and Grooves as Guides to Slip
• Using Drag folds as Guides to Slip
• Using Gash Fractures and Tight Drag Folds as Guides to Slip

Determining the Recurrence Intervals on Faults (p. 300)

Strain Significance of Faults (pp. 301-303)

• Normal-Slip Faults
• Thrust- and Reverse-Slip Faults
• Strike-Slip Faults
• Distinction Among Classes of Faults
• Relation of Faults to Prinicipal Finite Strain Directions

Wednesday (3/14/2001)

Dynamic Analysis of Faulting (pp. 304-319)

• Anderson's Theory of Faulting
• Experimental Deformation and Coulomb Failure
• M. King Hubbert's Sandbox Illustrations of the Coulomb Theory
• Exceptions to the Law and Special Considerations
• The Problem of Reverse Faults

Chapter 6 Faulting continued....

Monday (3/19/2001)

Thrust Faulting (p. 319-339)

• Introduction to Thrust Faults
• Basic Nomenclature
• Regional Characteristics
• Thin-skinned Deformation and Regional Decollement
• Rich's model of Bedding-Step Thrusting
• Ramp-Flat Geometry and Kinematics

Wednesday (3/21/2001)

Thrust Faulting Continued (pp. 319-339)

• Horses, Imbricate Fans, Duplexes
• The Moine Thrust, Northern Scotland
• Dahlstrom's Guidelines on Thrust Kinematics
• Mechanical Paradox of Thrusting
• The Wedge Model of Overthrusting
• Wedge Apparatus Experiments

Friday (3/23/2001)

• Normal Faulting (pp. 340-357)
• Regional Tectonic Environments
• Ah so simple
• Discovery of Low Angle Normal Faulting/Detachment Faulting
• Profett's Discovery of Low Angle Normal Faults at Yerington
• Current Cross-Sectional Pictures of Normal Faulting
• Clay Models of Normal Faulting
• McClay Models of Normal Faulting
• Inversion Tectonics

Week 12   Faulting continued

Monday (4/2/2001)

Strike-Slip Faulting (pp. 357-371)

• Regional Tectonic Settings
• Strike-Slip Faulting in Guatemala
• The Alpine Fault in New Zeland
• The San Andreas Fault
• "Ernst Cloos" Clay-cake Modeling of Strike Slip Faulting
• Modeling of Strike Slip Faulting by Wilcox, Harding , and Seely
• Bends and Stepovers Along Strike Slip Faults
• Strike Slip Duplexes
• Back to the San Andreas

Wednesday (4/04/2001)

Strike-Slip Faulting (pp. 357-371)

Regional Tectonic Settings

Friday (4/06/2001)Exam III "Joints, Shear Fractures, and Faults"

Chapter 7 "Folds"

Monday (4/09/01)

• Introduction
• Visual Impact
• Mechanical Contradiction
• Geometric Pleasures
• Informative Minor Structures
• Tectonic Considerations
• Guides to Exploration and Mining
• Anticlines and Synclines
• Basic Definitions
• Overturned Folds
• Antiforms and Synforms
• Anticlinoria and Synclinoria
• Geometric Analysis of Folds
• Limbs, Hinges, and Inflections
• Hinge Lines, Axial Surfaces, and Axial Traces
• Geometric Coordination of Hinge Lines and Axial Surfaces
• The Difference Between a Hinge Line and a Fold Axis
• Fleuty's Fold Classification (Fig. 7.25)

Wednesday (4/11/01)

• Geometric Analysis of Folds
• Limbs, Hinges, and Inflections
• Hinge Lines, Axial Surfaces, and Axial Traces
• Geometric Coordination of Hinge Lines and Axial Surfaces
• The Difference Between a Hinge Line and a Fold Axis
• Fleuty's Fold Classification (Fig. 7.25)
• Sterographic Analysis of Folds
• Cylindrical-, near cylindrical, and non cylindrical folds (Fig. 7.28)
• Sterographic Determination of Fold Orientations
• Describing the Shape and Size of a Folded Surface
• Common Fold Shape
• Fold Tightness
• Fold Size
• Fold Symmetry
• Overall Form (Huddleston's Classification Fig. 7.41)

Friday (4/13/01)

• Fold Classification Based on Changes in Layer Thickness
• Concentric Folds
• Similar Folds
• Full Range of Shape of folded Layers
• Distinquishing the Fundamental Fold Classes
• Kinematic Analysis of Folding
• Flexural Folding vs Passive Folding
• Flexural-slip Kinematics
• Minor Structures Created During Flexural Slip Folding
• Jointing and Flexural Slip Folding
• Mechanics of Buckling
• Instability and Dominant Wavelength
• Simple Buckling of a Single Layer, in Theory
• Adding Layer-Parallel Internal Strain, in Theory
• Buckle Folding of a Single Layer in Practice
• Influence of Competency Contrast on Fold form
• Buckle Folding of Multilayers
• Kink Folding
• Importance of Preexisting Foliation and Loading Direction
• Importance of Cohesive Bonding Between Layers
• Modes of Kink Folding

Chapter 7 Regional Tectonic Fold Mechanisms

Monday (4/16/01)

• Regional Tectonic Fold Mechanisms
• Free Folding

Wednesday (4/18/01)

• Forced Folding
• Fault-Bend Folding ("Snakehead Folds")

Friday (4/20/01)

• Forced Folding
• Fault Propagation Folds
• Monoclinal Folding
• Regional Fold Nappes

Chapter 8 Cleavage, Foliation, and Lineation

Monday (4/23/01)

• Nature of Cleavage
• Domainal Character of Cleaved Rocks
• Types of Cleavage
• Continuous Cleavage
• Disjunctive Cleavage
• Microscopic Properties of Cleavage
• Domainal Character of Cleavage

Wednesday (4/25/01)

• Geometric Relationship of Cleavage to Folding
• Geometric Relationship of Cleavage to Shearing
• Strain Significance of Cleavage
• Strain Significance of Crenulation Cleavage
• Strain Significance of Spaced Cleavage

Friday (4/27/01)

• Passive Folding
• Characteristics of Passive Folds
• Conditions Favoring Passive Folds
• Origin of Passive Folds
• Transposition

Monday (4/30/01)Exam IV "Folds and Rock Fabrics"

Wednesday (5/02/01)

• Foliation
• Definition of Foliation
• Primary vs Secondary Foliation
• Foliation in Typical Metamorphic Rocks
• Foliation in Mylonitic Rocks
• Lineation
• Definition of Lineation
• Primary vs Secondary Lineation
• Telling the Difference between Lineation and Foliation
• Types of Lineation
• Intersection Lineation
• Crenulation Lineation
• Mineral Lineation
• Types of Linear Structures
• Stretched Pebble Conglomerate
• Rodding
• Mullion
• Pencil Structure
• Boudins

Friday (5/04/01)

• Descriptive and Geometric Analysis of Foliation and Lineation
• The Coding System
• Foliations
• Lineations
• Folds
• The Grouping of Structural Elements
• Correlation of Fabric and Fold Elements in Space and Time
• Tectonites
• The Concept
• Types of Tectonites
• Strain Significance of Tectonites
• Overall Objective
• Flattening, Constriction, and Plane Strain
• Flinn Diagrams
• Logarithmic Flinn Diagram
• Deformation Paths

Monday (5/07/01)

• Relation Between Deformation and Metamorphism
• Relation Between Deformation and Plutonism
• Plate Tectonite Environments of Tectonite Formation